Pulmonary problems and management concerns in youth sports
Section snippets
Asthma
Asthma is the most common chronic illness of children and adolescents, affecting between 5% and 15% of the population, or some 2.5 million young people in the United States. It is characterized by periodic airways obstruction that is at least partially reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment. The airway obstruction is caused by spasm of bronchial smooth muscle, endobronchial inflammation, or both. There is increased sensitivity of the bronchi to various stimuli [1]. Asthma has a
Scoliosis
In most cases, scoliosis does not influence exercise tolerance, but when the curve is pronounced, somewhere around 60%, it can impinge on chest expansion, causing a restrictive defect, and a reduction of vital capacity. The reduced vital capacity, in turn, reduces exercise tolerance. With more severe curves, exercise tolerance can indeed be extremely limited.
Pectus excavatum
This common problem is often unfairly blamed for reduced exercise tolerance. Pectus excavatum, while occasionally having emotional
Nonpathologic heavy breathing
Most heavy breathing that occurs during athletic competitions and practices is normal. As metabolic demands increase, minute ventilation must increase to supply more oxygen to exercising muscles, and especially to remove carbon dioxide. If the exercise is so intense that the oxygen supply to the exercise muscles is outstripped by the demand, the main source of energy becomes anaerobic metabolism, with the consequent production of lactic acid. With the buffering of lactic acid, excess carbon
References (56)
Exercise-induced asthma. assessment of current etiologic concepts
Chest
(1987)- et al.
Asthma in United States Olympic athletes who participated in the 1996 summer games
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(1998) - et al.
Late asthmatic responses after exercise challenge are reproducible
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(1991) - et al.
Effects of dry and humid climates on exercise-induced asthma in children and preadolescents
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(1977) - et al.
Mediators in exercise-induced asthma
J Allergy Clin Immunol
(1984) - et al.
Duration of protective effect of terbutaline sulfate and cromolyn sodium alone and in combination on exercise-induced asthma
Chest
(1990) - et al.
Exercise conditioning in children with asthma
J Pediatr
(1985) - et al.
Individualized aerobic and high intensity training for asthmatic children in an exercise readaptation program. Is training always helpful for better adaptation to exercise?
Chest
(1991) - et al.
Exercise conditioning and cardiopulmonary fitness in cystic fibrosis. the effects of a three-month supervised running program
Chest
(1981) - et al.
Voluntary dehydration and heat intolerance in cystic fibrosis
Lancet
(1992)
Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma: National heart, lung, and blood institute. National asthma education program expert panel report
J Allergy Clin Immunol
Impact of childhood asthma on health
Pediatrics
Unrecognized exercise-induced bronchospasm in adolescent athletes
Am J Dis Child
Identification of exercise-induced asthma among intercollegiate athletes
Ann Allergy
Skiing and other winter sports
Case studies of asthma in elite and world-class athletes: the roles of the athletic trainer and physician
Comparative aspects of available exercise systems
Pediatrics
The use of the treadmill for assessing exercise-induced asthma and the effect of varying the severity and duration of exercise
Pediatrics
Exercise-induced asthma–a comparison between two modes of exercise stress
Eur J Respir Dis
The refractory period after exercise-induced asthma: its duration and relation to the severity of exercise
Am Rev Respir Dis
Asthma and sports
Differences between swimming and running as stimuli for exercise-induced asthma
Eur J Appl Physiol
Pathophysiology of exercise-induced asthma: the role of respiratory water loss
Exercise-induced asthma
Pathophysiology: role of mediators in exercise-induced asthma
Enhancement of exercise-induced asthma by cold air
N Engl J Med
Effects of cold air on respiratory airflow resistance in patients with respiratory-tract disease
N Engl J Med
Hyperpnea and heat flux: initial reaction sequence in exercise-induced asthma
J Appl Physiol Respir Envir Exercise Physiol
Cited by (24)
Physical activity and exercise in children with chronic health conditions
2013, Journal of Sport and Health ScienceCitation Excerpt :Parents become apprehensive when their children have difficulty breathing.7 Thus, effective management of the hyper-responsiveness is accomplished either by pharmacological means or as a consequence of improved fitness.39,78 A phenomenon characterized by repeated bouts of exercise interrupted by recovery periods has been shown to result in a “refractory period” which lasts 2–4 h.79 During this refractory period the child can participate in vigorous PA without respiratory problems.
Inpatient paediatric rehabilitation in chronic respiratory disorders
2012, Paediatric Respiratory ReviewsCitation Excerpt :Several studies have implicated lifestyle changes, specifically decreased physical activity, as a contributor to the increase in asthma prevalence and severity.23 Moreover, the capacity for asthmatic subjects to exercise safely and to significantly improve their cardiovascular fitness and quality of life has been demonstrated.24 From this perspective it seems logical to subject asthmatic patients to exercise training to increase fitness and strength.
Asthma, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and physical activity: An important issue still unresolved?
2008, Allergologia et ImmunopathologiaPhysical activity and exercise in asthma: Relevance to etiology and treatment
2005, Journal of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyCitation Excerpt :Several studies have reported that exercise conditioning does not influence inflammation as judged on the basis of preconditioning and postconditioning methacholine challenges.24,25 Orenstein21 suggested that some older studies erroneously concluded that underlying asthma was less severe after exercise conditioning because when challenged with the same preconditioning workload in the fit state, asthmatic patient's minute ventilation was lower, making the stimulus for EIB less intense. Regardless, it seems to us, any measure that makes doing the same workload less asthmogenic seems prudent, irrespective of the mechanism.
Association between asthma, obesity, and health behaviors in African American youth
2020, Journal of Asthma