Remodelling of endometrial tissues is fundamental to the cyclical changes that occur during
the menstrual cycle, implantation and, in the absence of pregnancy, at menstruation. The …

Perimenopausal women have low fertility but must still be advised to use contraception until
natural sterility is reached if they are sexually active. Patterns of contraceptive use vary in …

Once hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been commenced, it becomes extremely
difficult to advise women approaching the menopause on the need for contraception. In this …

Perimenopausal women have low fertility but still need contraception if they are sexually active.
They often have co-existing menstrual problems and menopausal symptoms. No method …

Introduction The intrauterine device (IUD) and intrauterine system (IUS) are widely used forms
of long-acting reversible contraception. Occasionally, IUD/IUS users have an ultrasound …

A number of rheumatological diseases predominantly affect women of reproductive age. There
has always been concern that the use of oestrogen-containing agents such as combined …

Obesity is increasing in most western countries and rises significantly with age. Obese women
are as sexually active as women of normal weight, and new sexual relationships in the …

Over the last 40 years or so, there has been a significant rise in the number of women in the
western world who have had their ovaries surgically removed prior to the age of natural …

Contraception should be continued in sexually active women who have not been sterilized
until they reach natural sterility. The final menstrual period is identified retrospectively after a …

Background There is a lack of consensus and very little published guidance on the management
of a low-lying or malpositioned intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) or system (IUS). …