The authors present two simple tests for deciding whether the difference in error rates
between two algorithms tested on the same data set is statistically significant. The first (McNemar's …

The nucleation of crystals in liquids is one of nature’s most ubiquitous phenomena, playing
an important role in areas such as climate change and the production of drugs. As the early …

Ice formation on aerosol particles is a process of crucial importance to Earth’s climate and
the environmental sciences, but it is not understood at the molecular level. This is partly …

What makes a material a good ice nucleating agent? Despite the importance of heterogeneous
ice nucleation to a variety of fields, from cloud science to microbiology, major gaps in our …

Ice formation is one of the most common and important processes on earth and almost
always occurs at the surface of a material. A basic understanding of how the physicochemical …

In speech recognition, the problem of speaker variability has been well studied. Common
approaches to dealing with it include normalising for a speaker’s vocal tract length and …

The adsorption of ions to aqueous interfaces is a phenomenon that profoundly influences
vital processes in many areas of science, including biology, atmospheric chemistry, electrical …

When an ice crystal is born from liquid water, two key changes occur: (i) The molecules
order and (ii) the mobility of the molecules drops as they adopt their lattice positions. Most …

Flood dependent aquatic ecosystems worldwide are in rapid decline with competing
demands for water. In Australia, this is particularly evident in the floodplain wetlands of semi-arid …

It is surprisingly difficult to freeze water. Almost all ice that forms under “mild” conditions (temperatures
> −40 C) requires the presence of a nucleating agent – a solid particle that …